Large Intestine – American Institute of Acupuncture

The Small Intestine

acuherb — Fri, 29 Jun 2012 19:05:04 +0000

Functions of the Small IntestineÂ

The Small Intestine Controls Receiving and Transforming

Small Intestine receives food and fluids from the Stomach, after the Stomach has “rotted and ripened” and after the Spleen has extracted the food essences. It communicates with the Bladder, which excretes the impure fluids, and with the Large Intestine, which excretes the impure solid waste.Â

It further transforms the digestate by separating the “pure” part of the food and fluids from the “impure”. The pure part goes to the Spleen to form part of the essences of food and fluids, which the Spleen then transports all over the body. The impure or “dirty” part of the food is passed to the Large Intestine for excretion as stool.Â

The impure part of the fluids are passed to the Bladder for excretion as urine. (Small Intestine has close functional relationship with Bladder and influences urination). If Small Intestine function impaired, there may be excessive urination (Deficient Yang) or scanty urination (Heat).

Small Intestine’s Relationship with the Heart

in pathology: Heart Fire can be transmitted to Small Intestine, which then transmits it to the Bladder. Symptoms include thirst, bitter taste in the mouth, canker sores and burning urine or hematuria.

The Large Intestine

acuherb — Fri, 29 Jun 2012 19:02:32 +0000

Functions of the Large IntestineÂ

The Large Intestines main function is to receive food and fluids from the Small Intestine, re-absorb some of the fluids then excrete the remainder as feces.Â

Many functions attributed to the Small Intestine in Western bio-medicine are attributed to the Spleen in Chinese medicine.Â

The Spleen controls the transformation/transportation of food and fluids throughout the digestive system, including Small and Large Intestine.Â

Hence signs such as diarrhea, abdominal distention and discomfort usually listed as Spleen imbalance (Deficient Spleen Qi or Yang).

Zang Fu

acuherb — Fri, 29 Jun 2012 18:48:31 +0000

By Dr. Kenneth Wang

Zang Fu (Internal Organs)

Zang Organs (Yin)

Fu Organs (Yang)

Liver and Kidneys
Spleen and Lungs
Spleen and Kidneys
Lungs and Kidneys
Spleen and Heart

Heart and Lungs

Heart governs Blood, Lungs govern Qi: relationship is that of Qi and Blood.

Qi and Blood are interdependent. Blood nourishes Qi but Qi pushes the Blood.

Heart moves the Blood but relies on Lung Qi to assist.

Lungs produce Ying (and Wei) Qi. Ying Qi flows with the Blood in the Vessels.

Heart and Lung connect via the Zong Qi (Chi of the Chest)

Deficient Lung Qi can lead to stagnation of Qi in the Heart and this can lead to stagnation of Blood of the Heart, with symptoms such as palpitations, chest pain, blue lips.

Excessive Heart Fire can dry up Lung fluids and cause dry cough, dry nose and thirst.

In practice, Heart and Lung Qi are often deficient at the same time because of their close relationship.

Sadness often depletes both Lung and Heart Qi.

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Heart and Liver

The heart and the Liver are related via Blood.

Heart governs Blood, Liver stores Blood and regulates its volume. These two activities must be coordinated and harmonized. If Heart Blood is deficient, this may disrupt Liver’s ability to regulate Blood (dizziness, excessive dreaming).

Deficient Liver Blood can cause Deficient Heart Blood (palpitations and insomnia).

Heart stores Shen and Liver rules smooth flowing of the emotions.

Shen and emotions mutually support each other. Weak Heart and Shen may lead to depression and anxiety. Or, when Liver Qi stagnates, this constrains emotions and can weaken the Shen.

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Heart and Kidneys

Mutual assistance of Fire and Water.

Heart belongs to Fire element and is in Upper Burner. (Fire is Yang and corresponds to movement).

Kidneys belong to Water element and are in Lower Burner. (Water is Yin and corresponds to stillness).

Heart & Kidney must be in balance as they represent two fundamental polarities of Yang and Yin (Fire & Water).

Heart Yang descends to warm Kidney Yin while Kidney Yin ascends to nourish Heart Yang. This constant interchange is referred to as “mutual support of Fire and Water”.

Kidney Yang Deficient:Â
Kidneys cannot transform fluids; these can overflow upward to Heart.

Kidney Yin Deficient:Â
Yin cannot rise to nourish Heart Yin. This can cause overactive Heart Fire (mental restlessness, insomnia, agitation, etc.)

Both these situations represent loss of communication between Heart and Kidney.

Heart and Kidneys are Common Root of Shen and Essence (Jing). The Heart houses She, while the Kidneys store Jing.

Shen and Jing have common root. Jing is fundamental substance from which Shen is derived, in other words, Shen is external manifestation of Jing.

Prenatal Jing is the foundation of the Shen, Postnatal Jing provides nourishment for the Shen.

Normal mental activity needs good supply of Jing.

Weak Jing: Shen will be weakened and person will lack vitality, willpower, self confidence.

When Shen is disturbed by emotional problems, Jing will not be directed by the Shen and the person will feel tired and lack motivation.Â

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Liver and Lungs

Reflects the relationship of Qi and Blood.

Lungs govern Qi, and the Liver regulates and stores the Blood.

They rely on each other in that the Liver relies on Lung Qi to regulate Blood, and the Lungs rely on Liver Qi to smoothly move Qi.

Deficient Lung Qi can affect Liver’s smooth movement of Qi (fatigue, depression, cough and hypochondriac pain).

Liver Qi can stagnate in the chest and interfere with the Lung’s function of descending (cough, dyspnea, asthma).

Stagnation of Liver Qi can cause Liver Fire to rise and injure Lung Yin (Hypochondriac pain, coughing blood, pain on breathing).

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Liver and Spleen

When healthy, Liver Qi aids Spleen in digestion, and ensures smooth flow of bile to aid digestion.

By ensuring smooth flow of Qi in all directions of the body, Liver ensures that Spleen Qi flows upwards in its right direction.

Stagnant Liver Qi disrupts Spleen ability to transform and transport food and fluids and to “raise the pure”. (abdominal distension, hypochondriac pain, diarrhea).

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Liver and Kidneys

Based on mutual exchange between Blood and Jing.

Kidney Jing contributes to the making of Blood. (Jing produces bone marrow which is connected with manufacture of Blood in the body).

“Liver and Kidneys have a common origin”.

“Essence and Blood have a common source”.

Kidney Yin nourishes Liver Yin (including Liver Blood).

Deficient Kidney Jing may lead to Blood becoming Deficient (dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus).

Kidney Yin fails to nourish Liver Yin, causing hyperactivity of Liver Yang (blurred vision, tinnitus, headaches, irritability, dizziness.

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Spleen and Lungs

Mutually assist each other.

Spleen extracts Food Qi and sends it up to the Lungs where it combines with air to form Zong Qi.

Spleen relies on Lung descending function to assist in the transformation and transportation of food (diaphragm movement helps Middle burner – “pumping” action).

Lung descending function also assists Spleen in the transformation of Body Fluids. Lung Qi weak, descending function impaired, Spleen cannot transform and transport the fluids, causing edema.

Deficient Spleen Qi: Food Qi deficient and production of Qi impaired (especially of Lung Qi: tiredness, weak limbs, breathlessness, weak voice) (Earth not producing Metal).

Spleen Deficiency: fluids not transformed but accumulate to form Phlegm, which settles in Lungs and impairs Lung function. “The Spleen forms Phlegm, the Lungs store it.”

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Spleen and Kidneys

Relationship is one of mutual nourishment.

Spleen: Root of Post-Heaven Qi (Foundation of Postnatal Existence)

Kidneys: Root of Pre-Heaven Qi (Foundation of Prenatal Existence)

The Postnatal Essence (Postnatal Jing) is formed from the food we eat and the air we breathe. The Spleen therefore plays the most important role in the formation of Postnatal Essence.

The Postnatal Essence is stored in the Kidneys together with the Prenatal Essence. Where Spleen Qi is weak, Postnatal Essence will not be produced as effectively, and the Kidney will have less Postnatal Essence to store.

Prenatal Essence assists in the production of Qi via its active aspect (Original Qi): the Original Qi provides the necessary energy for the transformation and transportation of the substances and formation of Qi: this affects the Spleen’s function.

Spleen and Kidneys support one another regarding transformation/transportation of Body Fluids.

Where Spleen Qi is weak, and Body Fluids are not able to be transformed and transported, these accumulate to form Dampness, which can interfere with the Kidney’s function regarding fluid metabolism (which then makes the Dampness worse).

Where Kidney Yang is Deficient, there is not enough heat for the Spleen to transform Fluids: this can cause Dampness or edema, chilliness and diarrhea.

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Lungs and Kidneys

Important relationship with regard to Qi and Fluids

Qi

Lungs send Qi and Fluids down to the Kidneys. Kidneys hold down the Qi and evaporate some of the Fluids, then send fluid vapor back to the Lungs to moisten them and the Lung then sends Fluids to moisten the skin.

Lungs send Qi down the Kidney and Kidneys hold down the Qi. Therefore they have an important communication regarding respiration

Communication regarding Zong Qi and Original Qi.Â
Zong Qi (in the chest) flows down to connect with the Original Qi from which it is nourished. Original Qi flows up to the chest to assist with the production of Qi and Blood in the Upper Burner.

The Lung function of governing Qi and respiration depends on the Kidney function of receiving Qi.

Where Kidney energy is weak: impaired reception of Qi. Kidneys fail to hold Qi down and Qi flows back up to the chest (“rebels”) and obstructs the Lung’s descending function. Result is asthma, cough and dyspnea (unable to inhale deeply).

Fluids

Lungs control Water passages and send Fluids down to the Kidneys. Kidneys evaporate some fluids and send them back up to the Lungs to keep Lungs moist. “Kidneys govern Water and the Lungs are the upper origin of Water.”

Deficient Lung Qi: Lung cannot send fluids downwards and Lung cannot communicate with Kidneys and Bladder (edema, especially of upper body).

Deficient Kidney Yang: Kidneys cannot transform and excrete Fluids in the Lower Burner. These Fluids then accumulate to form Dampness or edema (especially of lower body). Because of the close relationship of Lungs and Kidneys regarding fluid metabolism, this accumulation of Fluids can eventually affect the Lung and impair Lung’s descending and dispersing function.

Deficient Kidney Yin: leads to deficiency to Fluids in the Lower Burner. Fluids fail to rise to moisten the Lungs, causing Deficiency of Lung Yin (dry throat at night, dry cough, night sweats and feeling of heat in the palms and soles of the feet).

Deficient Lung Yin (can arise from smoking, or after a long febrile disease involving the Lungs). This implies Deficient Fluids in the Lungs, inability of Lungs to send Fluids to Kidneys, which then results in Deficient Kidney Yin. (Smokers usually end up with depleted Kidney Yin as a result of this mechanism).

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Spleen and Heart

Interrelated via the Blood.

Spleen provides Food Qi for the formation of Blood.

Deficient Spleen Qi can lead to Deficient Blood, which can cause Heart Blood to be Deficient (resulting in palpitations, dizziness, poor memory, insomnia).

Five Elements theory

acuherb — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 19:32:16 +0000

Five Phases theory

Five Phases (äº”è¡Œ,Â pinyin:Â wu xÃng), sometimes also translated as the “Five Elements”Â Â theory, presumes that all phenomena of the universe and nature can be broken down into five elemental qualities – represented by wood (æœ¨,Â pinyin:Â mÃ¹), fire (ç«pinyin:Â huÇ’), earth (åœŸ,Â pinyin:Â tÇ”), metal (é‡‘,Â pinyin:Â jÄ«n), and water (æ°´,Â pinyin:Â shuÇ).Â Â In this way, lines of correspondence can be drawn:

Phenomenon	Wood	Fire	Earth	Metal	Water
Direction	east	south	center	west	north
Color	green/blue	red	yellow	white	black
Climate	wind	heat	damp	dryness	cold
Taste	sour	bitter	sweet	acrid	salty
Zang Organ	Liver	Heart	Spleen	Lung	Kidney
Fu Organ	Gallbladder	Small Intestine	Stomach	Large Intestine	Bladder
Sense organ	eye	tongue	mouth	nose	ears
Facial part	above bridge of nose	between eyes, lower part	bridge of nose	between eyes, middle part	cheeks (below cheekbone)
Eye part	iris	inner/outer corner of the eye	upper and lower lid	sclera	pupil

Â Â

Strict rules are identified to apply to the relationships between the Five Phases in terms of sequence, of acting on each other, of counteraction etc.Â Â All these aspects of Five Phases theory constitute the basis of theÂ zÃ ng-fÇ”Â concept, and thus have great influence regarding the TCM model of the body.Â Â Five Phase theory is also applied in diagnosis and therapy.

Correspondences between the body and the universe have historically not only been seen in terms of the Five Elements, but also of the “Great Numbers” (å¤§æ•¸,Â pinyin:Â dÃ shÅ«)Â For example, the number of acu-points has at times been seen to be 365, in correspondence with the number of days in a year; and the number of mainÂ meridiansÂ – 12 – has been seen in correspondence with the number of rivers flowing through theÂ ancient Chinese empire.

Five Element Relationships

It was observed over the years that the Five Elements relate to each other in different ways.

Sheng CycleÂ (Generating Sequence)
Ko CycleÂ (Controlling Sequence)
Destructive CycleÂ (Overacting Sequence)
Anti Ko CycleÂ (Insulting Sequence)

Sheng Cycle

The Generating Sequence or Mother-Child Relationship

As in the cycle of the seasons, each element generates another, i.e., one element is the “mother” of the next.

Wood (Liver) creates Fire (Heart)	Wood is the Mother of Fire	Liver is the Mother of the Heart
Fire (Heart) creates Earth (Spleen)	Fire is the Mother of Earth	Â
Earth (Spleen) creates Metal (Lungs)	Earth is the Mother of Metal	Â
Metal creates Water	Metal is the Mother of Water	Â
Water creates Wood.	Water is the Mother of Wood	Â

Naturally, therefore, each element is generated by another: Fire is the child of Wood, Earth is the child of Fire, etc. In nature, we see this in the seasonal changes: Winter transforms into Spring, Spring changes into Summer.

Ko Cycle

Controlling Sequence or Father-Child relationship Each element is said to control, check, or regulate another.

Wood controls Earth
Fire controls Metal
Earth controls Water
Metal controls Wood
Water controls Fire

Each element is of course then controlled by another.

Earth is controlled by Wood
Wood is controlled by Metal, etc.

This cycle ensures that a balance is maintained between elements.

The “father-child” symbology relates to traditional family roles, where the father was the patriarchal head of the household. The mother, by comparison, is seen as the creative and nurturing force.

Destructive Cycle

Overacting Sequence

This is the same as the Ko cycle, but in this sequence, one Element is said to “over-control” or “destroy” another, causing the controlled element to become Deficient. This happens when balance breaks down so that one element becomes excessive in relationship to another.

E.g. An excess of Wood energy will over-control Earth, causing Earth to become Deficient.

Anti-Ko Cycle

Insulting Sequence

This cycle is the reverse of the Ko cycle or controlling sequence. In the Insulting Sequence, the element that should BE controlled becomes imbalanced and excessive, and controls the element that normally controls it.

Example: Instead of Metal controlling Wood, if Wood becomes excessive, it can “insult” Metal, causing it to become imbalanced. This is akin to the child rebelling and insulting or trying to discipline its father.

Four Possible Pathologies

Element in Excess overacts on another (Overacting sequence)

Element in Deficiency insulted by another (Insulting sequence)

Element in Excess drains from Mother (pathological Sheng cycle)

Element in Deficiency fails to nourish Child (pathological Sheng cycle)

Five Element Aggressive Energy Treatment

This is a Five Element treatment used for clearing a patient of aggressive energy. It is very similar to the TCM treatment sometimes called the “Shen Cycle” or “Shen Circle”. Half inch (1/2″) needles are inserted just barely under the skin, from top to bottom and right to left, usually inserting BL-15 as the last point.

The points in this treatment:

BL-13
Lung Shu
BL-14
Pericardium Shu
BL-15
Heart Shu
BL-18
Liver Shu
BL-20
Spleen Shu
BL-23
Kidney Shu

Needles are left in the patient until the redness that appears around the points is gone. A test point can be added to this treatment to gauge the redness appearing at specific points in the treatment.